History Of Affirmative Action - Free Essay Example

   Affirmative Action was created in 1961 of the United States. The first anti-discrimination executive order was amended several times by President Kennedy and it gradually became an important act, affected millions of Americans until today. It mainly focused on education and employment. It took care of ethnic minorities, Native women and other excluded groups.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   President Johnson made a speech at Howard University in June 1965. He set out the need for employers to take positive actions to overcome the historical prejudices and disadvantages of African Americans in employment. This speech is widely known to be the beginning of the Affirmative Action in the United States. Since then, schools across the United States have formulated admission policies. They gave extra consideration to students race or ethnicity. Some universities began to give African and Latino students point explicitly. In essence, the Affirmative Action transferred resources from the majority to the low-represented minority (URM) students to higher selective colleges and universities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since the Affirmative Action published, almost all famous universities and colleges have realized that they must play a role in training minority students, take the initiative to recruit more minority candidates even though they have lower scores than most white students. These universities in addition to trying to correct past racial inequalities. Besides, it has two other reasons that are closely related to school traditions: the first one is trying to create an educational atmosphere for all students, including different races, different educational backgrounds, and different perspectives. Second, they belied that enterprises, governments, and schools require more minorities, and they may have special opportunities to become leaders in all walks of life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Why are ethnic minorities important for higher education? Why is it that universities do not simply select students based on their grades and scores without considering diversity? Supporters of pluralism believe that Affirmative Action brought many benefits including the positive role of pluralism in education. High-quality universities can make use of more and better resources to bring benefits to minority students with low representation. Promoting ethnic interaction and ethnic participation in leadership made the development of society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ideally, Affirmative Action is quite reasonable. Ethnic minorities had inexplicably experienced historic oppression, discrimination in social status and low level of education. If they are not compensated by external, it is difficult for these people to change positively. Affirmative Action improved the social status and education level of minority groups in the short term. The purpose of it is to break the vicious circle of poverty ( lack of money to go to school lack of jobs continue to be poor for the next generation). However, Affirmative Action is actually a real obstacle, a constant controversy, and compensation for minorities of the United States. It has undoubtedly stimulated the corners of the traditional middle class, such as white people. In this situation, the internal contradictions of most of the minorities will become worse.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Affirmative Action essentially implements different standards for different races, which is the opposite of equal rights. It gives African Americans and Latinos great privileges and seriously harms the interests of Asian Americans, especially Chinese Americans. How big is the privilege? In 2009, an Asian who scored 1600 in the SAT exam had the same chance of being admitted to top schools as a white person with 1460 or a black person with 1150. According to the data provided by the college board, only less than 0.07% of the candidates can get the full score of 1600, while 28% of the candidates can get the exam above 1150. The gap is extremely incredible. Asian students are 1/3 as likely to be admitted to top schools as white students, 1/6 as Hispanic students and 1/15 as African students. This discriminatory treatment truly is racism literally.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In my point of view, there have possible things to do. First, Tuition fees for black students in public universities can be cut in half, but the admission standard is the same as that of the whites. Second, if blacks are willing to study in technical majors (such as CS and medicine) which are relatively scarce in the American, the government are not only made the tuitions free for them, also pay for them. The government can set up high-quality, well-disciplined free secondary schools for black children, with the goal of applying to universities. The policy of the United States should be to help black people who are willing to work hard and only give very little help to black people who are unwilling to work hard.

The Civil War And The Great Depression - 1655 Words

All history textbooks should be written in manner of bringing knowledge about the past to the reader in a realistic way in which it discuses the accomplishment and downfall America had taken part in. However, in reality majority of the history textbooks cover up the truth and present biased information to the reader’s. This is an issue because it does not benefit the reader knowledge nor does it inspire them to learn about the past. Although, some of the information provide in the text, it allows the reader’s to believe in false information to make America seem superior and as if they had not taken part in any failure. More importantly, textbooks have a duty to present accurate information to allow the readers to appreciate the†¦show more content†¦Another particular race that most textbooks do not bring to light is the Japanese. For this race, the Americans had forced all the Japanese American into camps where they were treated unequally and separated even if they were citizens. When the textbook talks about the African American race they focus more on the approach of slavery and avoid explaining the creation of the Jim Crow law. The American’s had done everything in their power to avoid the African American from taking part in any social events, that’s when the Jim Crow law was enacted. The Jim Crow law involved segregation, voting restrictions such as the poll tax, literacy test, grandfather clause, and lynching (lecture, February 20). The American started off by making sure that any form of voting for the African American would be not accepted in purpose of this plan they made strict regulations to prevent them to be a part in any social change. This would be in favor of the American society so they can be more superior. Moreover, the darkest part of the Jim Crew law was lynching. During the class discussion there was a picture presented of how African American people were hanged by the American mob’s to send a me ssage, â€Å"black’s are not allowed to vote.† If textbooks would to provide such images and along with narrative of how the families felt about losing their loved one due to lynching it would shift the reader perspective of how bad didShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Revolutionary War1417 Words   |  6 PagesThe Revolutionary War The Revolutionary War started on April 19, 1775 at Lexington and Concord. America was very much unprepared with no central government or army. The congress stepped up as the government and began to organize an army. The Revolutionary War did not end until September 3, 1783 with the signing of the final peace treaty between America and Great Britain. The victory in the Revolution War led to the birth of a new independent nation. After the Revolution it was a timeRead MoreHist 405 Entire Course945 Words   |  4 Pages405 Week 4 Assignment United States Constitution HIST 405 Week 4 DQ 1 The Civil War HIST 405 Week 4 DQ 2 Reconstruction HIST 405 Week 5 DQ 1 America and the Industrial Revolution HIST 405 Week 5 DQ 2 Imperialism and America HIST 405 Week 6 DQ 1 The Great Depression HIST 405 Week 6 DQ 2 World War II HIST 405 Week 6 Webliography 2 HIST 405 Week 7 Assignment America and the Great War HIST 405 Week 7 DQ 1 The Cold War and America HIST 405 Week 7 DQ 2 Terrorism in the 21st Century HIST 405 EntireRead MoreOverview of American History Since Civil War1235 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican History since Civil War Name Professor Institution Course Date American History since Civil War Identify at least two (2) major historical turning points in the period under discussion. There are several historical turning points in the History of the United States of America since the aspect of the civil war. 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Less noted, however, are the effects wars have on a state s economy. Often the turmoil of war for citizens is mirrored in the economy, aggravating the effects of the war and continuing to linger long after the fighting has stopped. However there are occasional instances that show great growth during and following wars. The United States has seen both ends of this spectrumRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The Roaring Twenties 1001 Words   |  5 Pagesbe a brighter future. The 1929 crash of stock market was the beginning of a downward spiral leading in to the Great Depression. The stock market crash is often to be confused as the cause of the Great Depression, although that is false. A few of the issues that lead to the Great Depression included; farming (which decreased in demand as farms increased through the states during World War I), banking, and mass unemployment. Capitalism took shape as what was once the individualistic Protestant work

The World Of World History - 1284 Words

Simone Kessler Sept. 2, 2016 Mr. AB Summer Work Preface: I. World history explores human pasts worldwide to help us understand the world around us. To help us understand that the world needs to continue to develop or we will fall behind. This text talks about how human migration and trade amongst other things has gotten us to where we are today. A.Generalization of World history B.Periodization C.Key events D.Conclusion II. The world history explores the past so humans around the world can understand the terrene around us easier. A.Learning the history of the world helps to develop skills that are effective in a global society. 1.Comparing different societies. 2.Identifying big changes and developments in the human experience. B. Students become active and engaged learners through analysis and interpretation. 1.Rather than serving as passive for torrents of historical facts and events. 2. Underpinning interpretation and the issues of time, place, and topic. III. This textbook pays a lot of attention to periodization. Some complexities rise above the six-stage world history periodization. A.Each period determined by three base criteria 1.A geographical rebalancing among major civilization areas. 2.An increase in the intensity and extent of contact among civilizations. 3.The emergence of new and roughly parallel developments. B. SocietiesShow MoreRelatedThe World Of World History1422 Words   |  6 Pages Glimpse of world history features a span of perspective of the world as it develops throughout time to where it was presently at. Nehru while in prison tried to find a bound with his daughter. In order to connect to the outside world and be close with his daughter he decided to share his vast knowledge of the world through letters with his daughter. Nehru explores how time chases, how civilizations grew and prosper, how different leaders shape the world in negative and positive view points andRead MoreThe World Of World History1417 Words   |  6 Pages Glimpse of World History, features a span of perspective of the world as it develops throughout time to where it was presented. Nehru, while in prison, tried to find a bond with his daughter. In order to connect to the outside world and be close with his daughter, he decided to share his vast knowledge of the world through letters with his daughter. Nehru explores how time chases, how civilizations grow and prosper, and how different leaders shape the world in negative and positive view pointsRead MoreA History Of The World1149 Words   |  5 PagesIn Tom Standage’s novel, â€Å"A History of the World in 6 Glasses†, he discusses the growth of the world through the discovery and creation of some of the most popular beverages in their places of origin. 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RFID Technology Enabler of Supply Chain Operations

Question: Describe about the RFID Technology for Enabler of Supply Chain Operations. Answer: Introduction The modern businesses are increasingly embracing technology as a viable means to streamline complex tasks and thus ensure a seamless and hassle free service to their respective consumers. One of the enabling technologies in this regard which is widely being used is the RFID or Radio Frequency Identification technology (Want, 2006). The aim of the given report is to highlight the various facets related to this technology. This includes the working mechanism along with potential issues that users and businesses resolve with this technology. Further, the various limitations of this technology are also briefly highlighted. Besides, the experience of one organisation with regards to implementation of RFID technology is also briefly highlighted. Additionally at the end, the future prospects for the RFID are highlighted. Working of RFID Technology RFID technologies are constituents of a wider class of technologies named as AIDC (Automatic Identification and Data Capture). The objective of these technologies is to facilitate direct entry of data bout objects while minimising human intervention. To accomplish this task, the RFID systems use radio waves. A typical RFID system has three major components namely a RFID tag along with a reader for RFID and also an antenna. Usually the RFID tags comprise of an integrated circuit along with an antenna which in turn transmits the data to the interrogator or RFID reader (ABR, 2014). The RFID reader tends to generate a small radio signal that has a limited range which is typically restricted to few feet only. This signal tends to activate the tag as signal reached the integrated circuit through the antenna. The antenna plays a pivotal role as it readily changes radio frequency into power that can be used and can also be used for sending and receiving messages (Kaur et. al., 2015). The useful information stored in the tag is transmitted through the use of antenna. The reader collects information from the tag using the radio waves and then this travels to the host computer system using an interface for communication. This data received tends to be stored for future use and analysis in the database (McDowell, 2009). The RFID tags are available in a host of shape and size combination and may be either active or passive. The more widely used form are the passive tags as they are comparatively smaller in size and cheaper in cost compared to the active tags. However, the drawback of the passive tag is that it needs external power from the RFID reader and only then can transmission of data takes place. However, in case of active tags, power supply is available on board itself and thus transmission is possible at all times (Want, 2006). Problem that RFID solves The RFID system has been designed to ensure that particular items are identified without necessarily being in line in sight. This is particularly at display in supermarkets where traditionally bar codes were used. The bar code scanning essentially involves laser from the bar code reader which reads the label on the object and thus displays the relevant information. However, it is imperative that the bar code should be in line of light and only then can the laser access the information. This is unlike the case in RFID where line of light in not required as the technology is based on signal transmission and receiving through waves which is more dispersed and hence ensures better accuracy even when tags may not be in line of sight (Ting, Tsang and Tse, 2013). Advantages of Barcode (Want, 2006) They are comparatively very cheap and comparable to the cost of ink. It reduces the human error with regards to information reading. They are easy to user since they are light and quite small. Does not have issues related to privacy with their usage. Disadvantages of Barcode (Kaur et. al., 2011) A direct line of sight is required for this technology. The distance between the barcode and reader should be at most 15 feet. It is a labour intensive procedure as each item requires scanning. Barcodes exhibit limited information in comparison with RFID. Barcodes are more liable to be damaged. Advantages of RFID (Kaur et. al., 2011) RFID tags have more distance range as compared to barcodes. The tags do not need to be in line of sight. The rate of RFID reading is comparatively more. The security provided by RFID is comparatively greater. They are less likely to physical damage as they are rugged. RFID tags have much higher data carrying capabilities and are essentially read/write devices. Disadvantages of RFID (Nayak et. al., 2007) The RFID tags are comparatively more expensive than barcodes. The readability of RFID readers is highly constrained when reading through certain mediums such metals and liquids. Problems such as tag collision and reader collision can occur which limits the accuracy of the technology. On the basis of the above discussion, it is apparent that RFID is more robust as compared to barcodes and presents as an effective measures to eliminate human intervention. Despite the higher costs, the use of RFID technology is on the rise due to the potential advantages listed above. Limitations of RFID Technology Despite the various advantages, there are various limitations with regards to usage of RFID technology. These limitations are listed below. Currently there no uniform standards with regards to usage of RFID and as a result, a high degree of freedom is allowed to the users with regards to the communication protocols deployed and also the format of storage of information in the tag along with underlying amount. In such an environment promotion of closed loop solution may lead to incompatibility and conflict (Nayak et. al., 2007). The high cost also serves as a limitation as the passive tags cost between 5-25 cents per tag whereas an active tag costs about $ 1 per tag. These are significant costs and serves as a constraint in migrating to RFID (Hellstrom, 2009). There is the problem of collision (tag and reader) as there are multiple signals which are simultaneously processed and in the process result is data loss. Even though anti-collision algorithms have surfaced but they are expensive and still in nascent stages (Want, 2006). There are concerns on part of the users that considering the technology obsolescence, the huge upfront investment seems unjustified (Kaur et. al., 2015). There are concerns with regards to privacy and security in RFID usage. These tags can be read without any scanning and can also be read even after the tag is removed from the system. Further, these systems are also susceptible to virus attacks with the intent of retrieving data or to erase the same (Nayak et. al., 2007). The RFID tag manufacturing is not free from errors it is estimated that the defection rate with regards to these is as high as 20-30%. Clearly, these need to be brought down to enhance accuracy and reliability of these systems (Kaur et. al., 2015). Successful implementation of RFID Technology RFID technology has been successfully deployed in a plethora of organisations in various sectors. One of the organisations that have used this technology in successfully inventory management is the e-retailer giant Amazon. For this purpose, the company has established a RFID laboratory at the Auburn University which would enable the company to implement futuristic solution based on RFID technology. The RFID based tracking system has allowed the company to enhance the tracking capability along with enhancing the receipt of goods speed. The company remains bullish on the usage of this technology for enhancing competitive advantage (Roberti, 2015). Another organisation that has successfully implemented the RFID technology to reap rich gains is BJC Healthcare. The RFID usage provides enhanced visibility to the company with regards to inventory and is integral to inventory management. Due to RFID based inventory system, hospital has been able to reduce its stock at hand by about 23% (Smiley, 2015). The Way Forward RFID has wide usage for the retail industry and in being used by the various leading retailers primarily for management of inventory and also in managing of supply chain. This is providing these retailers with significant savings in terms of cost and time over the long run. As the various issues related with RFID technology are resolved, it is expected that in the retail sector RFID would be deployed in the mainstream business particularly for the use of consumers (Mohammad, 2015). This technology also is extensively used in hospitals and healthcare. Besides the current usage for patient tagging and inventory, it is expected that in the future such tags would be placed inside human skin and would easily display the relevant medical history and thus ensure seamless healthcare services. Also, RFID technology would find increasing use in the banking industry which is expected to use this innovative technology for providing personalised services to clients (Brown and Russell, 2007). Henc e, it can be concluded that as the RFID technology becomes standardised and is able to address the various limitations, its scope of usage in the various industries is bound to increase. References ABR (2014), What is RFID How Does RFID Work, Retrieved 30th July 2016 https://www.abr.com/what-is-rfid-how-does-rfid-work/ Attaran, M. (2007), RFID: An Enabler of Supply Chain Operations. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal. 12(4), 249à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 257 Brown, I. and Russell, J. (2007), Radio frequency identification technology: An exploratory study on adoption in the South African retail sector. International Journal of Information Management, 27(4), 250à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 265 Hellstrom, D. (2009), The Cost and Process of Implementing RFID Technology, International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 12(1), 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 12 Kaur, M., Sandhu, M., Mohan, N. and Sandhu, P.S. (2011), RFID Technology Principles, Advantages, Limitations Its Applications, International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, 3(1), 67-74 Nayak, R., Chatterjee, K.N.,Gupta, T. and Khandual, A. (2007), Scope limitations of RFID, Retrieved 30th July 2016 https://www.indiantextilejournal.com/articles/FAdetails.asp?id=478 McDowell, G. (2009), How Does RFID Technology Work?, Retrieved 30th July 2016 https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/technology-explained-how-do-rfid-tags-work/ Mohammad, A. (2015), RFID poised to move beyond supply chain, Retrieved 30th July 2016 https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/RFID-poised-to-move-beyond-supply-chain Roberti, M. (2015), Amazon Announces Program With Auburn RFID Lab, Retrieved 30th July 2016 https://www.rfidjournal.com/articles/pdf?13091 Smiley, S. (2015), 4 Companies Using RFID for Supply Chain Management, Retrieved 30th July 2016 https://blog.atlasrfidstore.com/4-companies-using-rfid-for-supply-chain-management Ting, S.L., Tsang, H.C. and Tse, Y.K. (2013), A Framework for the Implementation of RFID Systems, International Journal of Engineering Business Management, 5(9) , 1-12 Want, R. (2006), An Introduction to RFID Technology, IEEE Pervasive Computing, 5(1), 25-33

What factors determine the place and different degree of word stress free essay sample

Phoneticians divide syllables into strong (heavy) and weak (light). A strong syllable contains a long vowel or a diphthong or a short vowel plus two consonants; syllables with a short vowel and no coda are weak ones. Only strong syllables can be stressed (although not all of them), but weak syllables are never stressed. Factors that may determine the placement of stress are: the morphological structure of the word (whether it is simple, complex or compound), its grammatical category (noun, verb, adjective, etc. The word stress in English as well as in Russian is not only free, but it may also be shifting, thus differentiating lexical units, parts of speech and grammatical forms: ? contrast con? trast, ? transport trans? port, ? and the number of syllables in the word. Besides the stress pattern of English words can vary under the influence of some factors. First of all in the present day English stress can shift under the influence of rhythm to avoid a succession of weak syllables (stress shifts to the second syllable, or the third one from the end. We will write a custom essay sample on What factors determine the place and different degree of word stress? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In compounds the stress on a final-stressed compound tends to move to a preceding syllable if the following word begins with a strongly stressed syllable. The stress pattern can change under the influence of tempo as well; in this case secondary stresses are dropped. It sometimes happens that a word’s stress pattern is influenced not only by rhythm, but also by the stress structure of a derivative. Some linguists also distinguish tertiary stress, which is as weak as secondary but has a different distribution: it follows the primary stress, while the secondary stress precedes it. Tertiary stress is usually found in American English. Word stress can be fixed (or limited to a particular syllable the last in French, the last but one in Polish, the first in Czech) or free (or variable). English word-stress has many peculiarities, which make it very complicated. These peculiarities are due to the fact, that in English there are many borrowed words from different languages with various rules of syllable formation. Though stress placement in English words is free it follows certain rules.

Proxemics - Understanding Personal Space

Proxemics - Understanding Personal Space Proxemics are the study of personal space.   First introduced in 1963 by Edward Hall who was interested in studying the impact of individual personal space on non-verbal communication.   In the years since, it has brought the attention of cultural anthropologists and others in the social sciences to the differences between different cultural groups and its impact on population density.   Promexics are also important for social interaction between individuals but are often difficult for individuals with disabilities to understand, especially individual with autism spectrum disorders.   Since how we feel about personal space is partly cultural (taught through constant interactions) and biological, since individuals will respond viscerally, it is often difficult for individuals with disabilities to understand this important part of the Hidden Curriculum, the set of social rules that are unspoken and often untaught but generally accepted as the standard of acceptable behavior. Typically developing individuals will actually experience anxiety in amygdala, a portion of the brain which generates pleasure and anxiety.   Children with disabilitieis, especially autism spectrum disorders, often dont experience that anxiety, or their level of anxiety is high over any unusual or unexpected experience.   Those students need to learn when it is appropriate to feel anxious in another persons personal space. Teaching Proxemics or Personal Space Explicit Teaching:   Children with disabilities often need to be taught explicitly what personal space is.   You can do that by developing a metaphor, like the Magic Bubble or you can use a real hula hoop to define the space which we call personal space. Social stories and pictures can also help understand appropriate personal space.   You might stage and take pictures of your students in appropriate and inappropriate distances from another.   You might also ask the principal, another teacher and even a campus policemen to show examples of appropriate personal space, based on relationships and social roles (i.e., one does not enter the personal space of an authority figure.)    You can demonstrate and model approaching personal space by having students approach you and use a noise maker (clicker, bell, claxon) to signal when a student enters your personal space.   Then give them the same opportunity to be approached.   Model, as well, appropriate ways to enter anothers personal space, either with a handshake, a high five, or a request for a hug.   Practice:   Create games that will help your students understand personal space.   Personal Bubble Game:   Give each student a hula hoop, and ask them to move about without overlapping anothers personal space.   Award every student 10 points, and have a judge take points away each time they enter anothers personal space without permission.   You can also award points to students who enter anothers personal space by asking appropriately.   Safety Tag: Put several hula hoops on the floor and have one student be it.   If a child can get into a personal bubble without being tagged, they are safe.   In order to become the next person to be it they need to get to other side of the room (or a wall in the playground) first.   This way, they are paying attention to personal space as well as being willing to exit that comfort zone to be the next person who is it.   Mother May I:   Take this old traditional game and make a personal space game out of it:   i.e. Mother, May I enter Johns personal space?   etc.

Analysis and Problems of Global Communications

Diminishing returns across the entire telecommunications industry have negatively affected the stock and profitability of Global Communications. Excessive amounts of competition from companies worldwide have diluted the market as well as offered a wide range of features that Global Communications does not currently provide. Small providers offer specialized services, and larger multinationals offer lower prices and more competitive service choices. Global Communications has chosen to address this problem by simultaneously attempting to cut costs while expanding internationally; their primary method of achieving these immediate goals is through closing some domestic call centers and opening new centers overseas. The employees’ union has obvious problems with this strategy of layoffs and outsourcing, and has questioned Global Communications’ loyalty to its workers. The company faces significant problems, both fiscally and intangible issues such as employee loyalty. The first of these issues is the declining price of Global Communications stock, presumably due to the increased amount of competition in the field. Such a decline in overall profitability is the most pressing problem facing the company; however, it is also the broadest in that several more specific problems contribute to this overall issue. One of the contributing factors is the need for new services and innovations in research and development. Such innovations require capital and financial resources, which relates to the problem of declining confidence among stockholders, who are wondering if they industry can recover from the competitive situation in which it currently finds itself. The problem of stockholder confidence therefore contributes to the lack of funds available for innovations and research, meaning that the company must find a way to increase profits without depending on stockholder confidence. The initial attempt to address these financial issues, outsourcing many jobs to Ireland and India, has also created more problems for Global. The employee union feels betrayed and is threatening legal action regarding the layoffs. Additionally, the public relations issue regarding this outsourcing is an important one for Global to address in order to prevent a public backlash in response to the outsourcing and union-relations issues. Despite the many problems facing Global, several opportunities exist for the company to grow and become as profitable as it was during the previous era. There is an immediate opportunity available to lower the costs of labor facing the company by utilizing the outsourcing plan and the labor available overseas. Such an action will free up company resources to be spent on research and development of new services and products, which will rebuild the base of Global Communications customers through the many services offered. Additionally, such an expansion in services will increase the market share for Global among small business owners, one of the company’s overall goals, and offer the opportunity to reinforce a public perception of Global as one of the leaders in telecommunications technology. Besides these profitability issues, there is an opportunity to establish new norms regarding the union and employee relations within Global. Perhaps an established plan of communication or route of information dissemination can be created, and career counseling and training could be offered for the employees who were laid off, helping re-establish the public and in-company perception of Global. The most obvious opportunity for Global is also the broadest; the chance for the company to grow and return to previous years’ profitability is one that exists in the current atmosphere of change. Global leaders must take advantage of the many opportunities to change the company, its relationships, and its products and technology as soon as possible. Stakeholder Perspectives/Ethical Dilemmas There are several groups of stakeholders in this discussion; from the individual stockholders to the union members to the highest executives, the different groups all have different priorities in the Global restructuring. Stockholders have at heart the long-term profitability and growth of the company, similar to the priority of global executives to see the company grow and profit overall. Other groups, notably the employees and union representatives, have as their first priority the job security and salary of employees as their first priority; the relationship with management and the pending layoffs are more important to these groups than profitability or growth. Finally, the executives in the U. S. ave more concern over these job cuts than do the global executives, since they are the ones who will be most adversely affected by the layoffs and outsourcing. The struggle between these groups to have their own needs prioritized represents an ethical dilemma for Global; the negative affects of the layoffs must be weighed against the overall survival of the company; the detriment to individual employees and public perception must be weighed against continuing Global’s position as an innovator and industry leader. Global Communications and the employees’ union can both benefit from the increased profitability which will happen as a result of the outsourcing and shift in services offered; in the long-term, both groups can work to create benefit and profit for individual stockholders as well as company executives and management. This long-term benefit will additionally give Global employees greater job security. The progress of Global toward the situations possible by the many opportunities available to it can be measured through several objective methods. One that is mentioned in the 3/2/04 memo is a concrete goal of reducing costs by 40%. Such a goal will naturally benefit the company based on the reduction of cost and increase of profits. Additionally, a concrete goal to resolve the issues with the employees’ union without legal or governmental action would be an excellent way to re-establish the relationship between the company and the union. Another measurable goal would be to return the stock price to a certain level, for example, that of the previously profitably $28/share. Global Communications faces some immediate and important problems, such as decreased profitability, decreased stockholder confidence, pending layoffs and the public-relations issues which accompany them, and increased competition within the telecommunications industry which requires new innovations and development. Despite these immediate problems, there are many opportunities for Global to benefit from its current situation; it can take advantage of the chance to reduce costs by outsourcing and then increase research and development with those funds; it can re-negotiate the relationship with its employees’ union to a more beneficial one for both parties; and it can remodel itself as a modern, cutting-edge competitor in the field of telecommunications. Such opportunities can benefit all stakeholders in Global, from the individual stockholders to employees to global executives, by strengthening the financial and community/social situations of the company. Although the implementation of these changes may be uncomfortable at times and even immediately painful for several groups (the employees’ union, for example), the overall benefit for everyone involved must be kept in mind. Long-term goals can be used to track the company’s progress toward achieving its end goal of returning to an innovating, profitable organization Analysis and Problems of Global Communications Diminishing returns across the entire telecommunications industry have negatively affected the stock and profitability of Global Communications. Excessive amounts of competition from companies worldwide have diluted the market as well as offered a wide range of features that Global Communications does not currently provide. Small providers offer specialized services, and larger multinationals offer lower prices and more competitive service choices. Global Communications has chosen to address this problem by simultaneously attempting to cut costs while expanding internationally; their primary method of achieving these immediate goals is through closing some domestic call centers and opening new centers overseas. The employees’ union has obvious problems with this strategy of layoffs and outsourcing, and has questioned Global Communications’ loyalty to its workers. The company faces significant problems, both fiscally and intangible issues such as employee loyalty. The first of these issues is the declining price of Global Communications stock, presumably due to the increased amount of competition in the field. Such a decline in overall profitability is the most pressing problem facing the company; however, it is also the broadest in that several more specific problems contribute to this overall issue. One of the contributing factors is the need for new services and innovations in research and development. Such innovations require capital and financial resources, which relates to the problem of declining confidence among stockholders, who are wondering if they industry can recover from the competitive situation in which it currently finds itself. The problem of stockholder confidence therefore contributes to the lack of funds available for innovations and research, meaning that the company must find a way to increase profits without depending on stockholder confidence. The initial attempt to address these financial issues, outsourcing many jobs to Ireland and India, has also created more problems for Global. The employee union feels betrayed and is threatening legal action regarding the layoffs. Additionally, the public relations issue regarding this outsourcing is an important one for Global to address in order to prevent a public backlash in response to the outsourcing and union-relations issues. Despite the many problems facing Global, several opportunities exist for the company to grow and become as profitable as it was during the previous era. There is an immediate opportunity available to lower the costs of labor facing the company by utilizing the outsourcing plan and the labor available overseas. Such an action will free up company resources to be spent on research and development of new services and products, which will rebuild the base of Global Communications customers through the many services offered. Additionally, such an expansion in services will increase the market share for Global among small business owners, one of the company’s overall goals, and offer the opportunity to reinforce a public perception of Global as one of the leaders in telecommunications technology. Besides these profitability issues, there is an opportunity to establish new norms regarding the union and employee relations within Global. Perhaps an established plan of communication or route of information dissemination can be created, and career counseling and training could be offered for the employees who were laid off, helping re-establish the public and in-company perception of Global. The most obvious opportunity for Global is also the broadest; the chance for the company to grow and return to previous years’ profitability is one that exists in the current atmosphere of change. Global leaders must take advantage of the many opportunities to change the company, its relationships, and its products and technology as soon as possible. Stakeholder Perspectives/Ethical Dilemmas There are several groups of stakeholders in this discussion; from the individual stockholders to the union members to the highest executives, the different groups all have different priorities in the Global restructuring. Stockholders have at heart the long-term profitability and growth of the company, similar to the priority of global executives to see the company grow and profit overall. Other groups, notably the employees and union representatives, have as their first priority the job security and salary of employees as their first priority; the relationship with management and the pending layoffs are more important to these groups than profitability or growth. Finally, the executives in the U. S. ave more concern over these job cuts than do the global executives, since they are the ones who will be most adversely affected by the layoffs and outsourcing. The struggle between these groups to have their own needs prioritized represents an ethical dilemma for Global; the negative affects of the layoffs must be weighed against the overall survival of the company; the detriment to individual employees and public perception must be weighed against continuing Global’s position as an innovator and industry leader. Global Communications and the employees’ union can both benefit from the increased profitability which will happen as a result of the outsourcing and shift in services offered; in the long-term, both groups can work to create benefit and profit for individual stockholders as well as company executives and management. This long-term benefit will additionally give Global employees greater job security. The progress of Global toward the situations possible by the many opportunities available to it can be measured through several objective methods. One that is mentioned in the 3/2/04 memo is a concrete goal of reducing costs by 40%. Such a goal will naturally benefit the company based on the reduction of cost and increase of profits. Additionally, a concrete goal to resolve the issues with the employees’ union without legal or governmental action would be an excellent way to re-establish the relationship between the company and the union. Another measurable goal would be to return the stock price to a certain level, for example, that of the previously profitably $28/share. Global Communications faces some immediate and important problems, such as decreased profitability, decreased stockholder confidence, pending layoffs and the public-relations issues which accompany them, and increased competition within the telecommunications industry which requires new innovations and development. Despite these immediate problems, there are many opportunities for Global to benefit from its current situation; it can take advantage of the chance to reduce costs by outsourcing and then increase research and development with those funds; it can re-negotiate the relationship with its employees’ union to a more beneficial one for both parties; and it can remodel itself as a modern, cutting-edge competitor in the field of telecommunications. Such opportunities can benefit all stakeholders in Global, from the individual stockholders to employees to global executives, by strengthening the financial and community/social situations of the company. Although the implementation of these changes may be uncomfortable at times and even immediately painful for several groups (the employees’ union, for example), the overall benefit for everyone involved must be kept in mind. Long-term goals can be used to track the company’s progress toward achieving its end goal of returning to an innovating, profitable organization